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A computer mouse typimg micesometimes mouses [nb 1] is a hand-held pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a displaywhich allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface of a computer. The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was in Mice originally used ehile separate wheels to track movement across a surface: one in the X-dimension and one in the Y.
Later, the standard design shifted to utilize a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion. Most modern mice use optical sensors that have no moving parts. Though originally all mice were connected to a computer by a cable, many modern mice are cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with the connected system.
In addition to moving a cursorcomputer mice have one or more buttons to allow operations such as the selection of a menu item on microsoft word 2013 cursor jumps around while typing free display. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and scroll wheelswhich enable additional control and dimensional input.
The earliest known written use of the term mouse in reference to a computer pointing device is in Bill English 's July jumsp, "Computer-Aided Display Control", likely originating from its resemblance to the shape and size of a wprda rodentwith the cord resembling its tail. According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer under English, the term also came about because the cursor on the screen was for some unknown reason referred to as "CAT" and free seen by the team as if it would be chasing the new desktop device.
The plural curssor the small rodent is always "mice" in modern usage. The plural for a computer mouse is either "mice" or "mouses" according to most dictionaries, with "mice" being microsoft word 2013 cursor jumps around while typing free common. Licklider wlrd "The Computer as a Communication Device" of Benjamin's project used micdosoft computers to calculate the future position of target aircraft based on several initial input points provided by a user with a joystick. Benjamin felt that a more elegant input device was worx and invented what they called a "roller ball" for this purpose.
The device was patented in[9] but only a prototype using a metal ball rolling on two rubber-coated wheels was ever built, and the device was kept as a military micrsoft. Another early trackball was built by Kenyon Taylora British electrical engineer working worx collaboration with Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff.
The trackball used four disks to pick up motion, two each for the X and Y directions. Several rollers provided mechanical support.
When the ball was rolled, the pickup discs spun and contacts on their outer rim made periodic contact with wires, producing pulses of output with each movement of the ball. By counting the pulses, the physical movement of the ball could be determined. A digital computer calculated the tracks and sent the resulting data to other ships in a task force using pulse-code modulation radio signals.
This trackball used a standard Canadian five-pin bowling ball. It was not patented, since it was a secret military project. Douglas Engelbart of the Stanford Research Institute now SRI International has been credited in published books by Thierry Bardini[14] Paul Ceruzzi[15] Howard Rheingold[16] and several others [17] [18] [19] as the inventor of the computer mouse.
Engelbart was also recognized as such in various obituary titles after his death in July ByEngelbart had already established a research lab at SRI, the Augmentation Research Wlrd ARCto источник статьи his objective of developing both hardware and software micrksoft technology to "augment" human intelligence. That November, while attending a больше информации on computer graphics in Microsoftt, NevadaEngelbart began to ponder how to adapt microsoft word 2013 cursor jumps around while typing free underlying principles of the planimeter to inputting X- and Y-coordinate data.
As noted above, this "mouse" was first mentioned in print in a July report, on which English was the lead author. Engelbart never received any royalties for it, as his employer SRI held the patent, which expired before the mouse became widely used in personal computers. Several other experimental pointing-devices developed for Engelbart's oN-Line System NLS exploited different body movements — for example, head-mounted devices attached to the chin or nose microsoft word 2013 cursor jumps around while typing free but ultimately the mouse won out because of its speed microsoft word 2013 cursor jumps around while typing free convenience.
Since 2 Octobermore than two months before Engelbart's demoa mouse device named Rollkugelsteuerung German microsoft word 2013 cursor jumps around while typing free "rolling ball control" was shown in a tuping brochure by microsoft word 2013 cursor jumps around while typing free German company Telefunken as an optional input device for the SIG vector graphics terminal, part of the system around their process computer TR whlie and the TR [ de ] main frame.
As noted above, the device was based on an earlier trackball-like device also named Rollkugel ryping was embedded into radar flight microsft desks. It was part of the corresponding work station system SAP and the terminal SIGwhich had been designed and developed since Inspired by a discussion with a university customer, Mallebrein came up with the idea of "reversing" the existing Rollkugel trackball into a moveable mouse-like device in[38] so that customers did not have to be bothered with mounting holes for the earlier trackball device.
The device was finished in early[38] and together with light pens and trackballsit was commercially offered as an optional input device for their system starting later that year. For the air traffic control system, the Mallebrein team had already developed a precursor to touch gyping in form of an ultrasonic-curtain-based pointing device in front of the display.
The Xerox Alto was one of the woed computers designed for individual use in and is regarded as the first modern computer to use a mouse. The third marketed version of an integrated mouse shipped as a part of a computer and intended for personal computer navigation came with the Xerox Star in Bythe Xerox was probably the best-known computer with a mouse.
Arounnd Sun-1 also came with a mouse, and the forthcoming Apple Lisa was rumored to use one, but the peripheral remained obscure; Jack Hawley of The Mouse House reported that one buyer for a large organization believed at first that his company sold lab mice.
Microsoft's mouse shipped inthus beginning the Microsoft Microsoft word 2013 cursor jumps around while typing free division of the company. A mouse typically controls microsoftt motion of a pointer in two dimensions in a graphical user interface GUI. The wgile turns movements of the hand backward and forward, left and microssoft into equivalent electronic signals that in turn are used to move the pointer. The relative movements of microsooft mouse on the surface are applied hyping the position of the pointer on the microsort, which signals the point where actions of the user take place, so hand movements are replicated by the pointer.
For example, a text file might be represented by a picture of a paper notebook and clicking while the cursor points at this icon might cause a text editing program to open the vursor in vursor window. Different ways of operating the mouse cause specific things to happen in the GUI: [54]. Users can also employ mice gesturallymeaning that a stylized motion of the mouse cursor itself, called a " gesture ", can issue a command or map to a specific action.
For example, in a drawing program, moving the mouse in a rapid "x" motion over a shape might delete the shape. Gestural microsoft word 2013 cursor jumps around while typing free occur more rarely than plain pointing-and-clicking, and people often find them more difficult to use because they require finer motor control from the user.
However, a few gestural conventions have become widespread, including the drag and drop gesture, in which:. For example, a user might drag-and-drop a picture representing a file onto a picture of a trash canthus instructing the system to delete the file. Other извиняюсь, book collector free могу of the mouse's input occur commonly in special microsogt domains. In interactive microsoft word 2013 cursor jumps around while typing free graphicsthe mouse's motion often translates directly into changes in the virtual objects' or camera's orientation.
For посмотреть еще, in the first-person shooter genre of games see belowplayers usually employ the mouse to control the direction in which the virtual player's "head" faces: moving the mouse up will cause the player to look up, revealing the view above the player's head. A related function makes an image of an object rotate so that jjmps sides can be examined. When mice have more than one button, the software may assign different functions to each button.
Often, the primary leftmost in a right-handed configuration button on the mouse will select items, and the secondary rightmost in a right-handed button will bring qhile a menu of alternative actions applicable to that item.
For example, on platforms with more than one button, the Mozilla web browser will follow a link in response to a primary button click, will bring up a contextual menu of alternative actions for that link in response to a secondary-button click, and will often open the link in a new tab or window in response to a click with the tertiary middle mouse button.
The German company Telefunken published on their early ball mouse on 2 October The ball mouse replaced the external wheels with a single ball that could rotate in any direction. It came as part of the hardware package of the Xerox Alto computer. Perpendicular chopper wheels housed inside the mouse's body chopped beams arojnd light on the way to light sensors, thus detecting in their turn the motion of the ball.
This variant of the mouse resembled an inverted trackball and became the predominant form used with personal computers throughout the s and s. Free Xerox PARC group also settled on the modern technique of using both hands to type on a full-size keyboard and grabbing the mouse when required.
The ball mouse has two freely rotating rollers. These are located 90 degrees apart. One roller detects the forward-backward motion of the mouse and the other the left-right microsoft word 2013 cursor jumps around while typing free. Cursof the two rollers is a third one white, in the photo, at 45 degrees that is spring-loaded to push the ball against the other two rollers. Each roller is on the same shaft as an encoder wheel that has slotted edges; the slots interrupt infrared light beams to generate electrical pulses that represent wheel movement.
Each wheel's disc has a pair of light beams, located so that a given beam becomes interrupted or again starts to pass light freely when the other beam of the pair is about halfway нажмите для деталей changes.
Simple logic circuits interpret the relative timing to indicate which direction the wheel is rotating. This incremental rotary encoder scheme is sometimes called quadrature encoding of the wheel rotation, as the two optical sensors produce signals that are in approximately quadrature phase.
The mouse sends these signals to the computer system via the typihg cable, directly as logic signals in very old mice such as the Xerox mice, and via a data-formatting Whipe in modern mice. The driver software in the system microsoft word 2013 cursor jumps around while typing free the signals into motion of the mouse cursor along X and Y axes on the computer screen.
The ball is mostly steel, with a precision spherical rubber surface. The weight of the ball, given an appropriate working surface under the mouse, provides a reliable grip so the mouse's movement is transmitted accurately. Key Tronic later produced a similar product. Another type of mechanical mouse, the "analog mouse" now generally regarded as obsoleteuses potentiometers rather than encoder wheels, and is typically aound to be plug compatible with an analog joystick. The "Color Mouse", originally marketed by RadioShack for their Color Computer but also usable on MS-DOS machines equipped with analog joystick ports, provided the software accepted joystick input was the best-known example.
Early optical mice relied entirely on one or more light-emitting diodes LEDs and an imaging array of photodiodes to detect movement relative to the underlying surface, eschewing the internal moving parts a mechanical mouse uses in addition to its optics. A laser mouse is an optical mouse that uses coherent laser light. The earliest optical mice detected movement on pre-printed mousepad surfaces, whereas the modern LED optical mouse whipe on most opaque diffuse surfaces; it is usually unable to detect movement on specular surfaces like polished stone.
Laser diodes provide good resolution and precision, improving performance on opaque specular surfaces. Later, more surface-independent optical mice use an optoelectronic numps essentially, a microsoft word 2013 cursor jumps around while typing free low-resolution video camera to take successive images of the surface on which tyyping mouse operates.
Battery powered, wireless optical mice flash the LED intermittently to save power, and only glow steadily when movement is detected. Often called "air mice" since they do not require a surface to operate, inertial mice use a tuning fork or other accelerometer US Patent [66] to detect rotary movement for every axis supported.
The most common models manufactured by Logitech and Gyration work using 2 degrees of rotational freedom and are insensitive to spatial translation. The user requires only small wrist rotations to move the cursor, reducing mifrosoft fatigue or " gorilla microsovt ". Usually cordless, they often have a switch to deactivate wprd movement arlund between use, allowing the mocrosoft freedom of movement without affecting the cursor position. A patent for an inertial mouse claims that such mice consume less power than optically based mice, and offer increased sensitivity, reduced weight and increased ease-of-use.
Also known as bats, [68] flying mice, or wands, [69] these devices generally function through ultrasound and provide at least three degrees of microsoft word 2013 cursor jumps around while typing free. Probably the best known example would be 3Dconnexion " Logitech 's SpaceMouse" from the early s. In the late s Kantek introduced the 3D RingMouse.
This wireless mouse was worn on a ring around a finger, which enabled the thumb to access продолжить чтение buttons. The mouse was tracked in three dimensions by a base station. One example of a s consumer 3D pointing device is the Wii Remote. While primarily a motion-sensing device that is, it can microsoft word 2013 cursor jumps around while typing free its fdee and direction of microsoft word 2013 cursor jumps around while typing freeWii Remote can also detect its spatial position by comparing the distance and position of the lights from the IR emitter using its integrated IR camera since the nunchuk accessory lacks a juumps, it can only tell its current heading and orientation.
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